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Previous studies have found similar lifesaving results for defibrillators in more limited setting, such as casinos or airports, noted study author Dr. Myron L. Weisfeldt, chairman of the department of medicine at Johns Hopkins University.

“But this is in a much broader setting than airports or casinos, where security guards might be available,” Weisfeldt said. “This is a first report of real-world experience, how effective they are when in large cities.”

The findings will be published in the April 20 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

The study included almost 14,000 people who suffered cardiac arrest in public places in seven U.S. cities and three Canadian ones between December 2005 and May 2007.

Researchers found public defibrillator-linked benefits similar to those observed in earlier, smaller studies. “All had survival rates of 40 to 50 percent,” Weisfeldt said. “This [study] showed that about 38 percent of these people reached a hospital alive, which compares very nicely.”

In contrast, the survival rate for people who did not get treatment with an external defibrillator, which delivers a shock to get the heart beating again, was as low as 9 percent, the study found.

That low rate was found for the 32 percent of cases in which someone who suffered cardiac arrest had cardiopulmonary resuscitation — regular pressure on the chest to keep blood flowing — but not a defibrillator shock. The survival rate was 38 percent for those who got a defibrillator shock.

The findings were similar to those of a Japanese study reported last month, which found a 31.6 percent survival rate for those given a shock from a public-access defibrillator.

In the new study, the defibrillator was used by health care workers in 32 percent of cases, by police in 26 percent of cases and by civilian volunteers in 35 percent of cases.

Extrapolating the results of the study, which included a population of 21 million, to the 330 million people in the United States produced the estimate of 474 lives saved a year–”a person and a half a day,” Weisfeldt said.

The study did not look at the cost of having automatic external defibrillators in public places across both countries, he said, but it is possible to estimate the financial feasibility of such a program.

“Roughly 200,000 of these are being sold every year, at an average cost of $2,500,” Weisfeldt said. Maintenance is not expensive, he said — “they self-check” — and training is not essential.

“The cost of defibrillators is relatively modest when you look at other safety costs,” Weisfeldt added. “Seat belts and air bags cost about $1,000 per car, and nobody says that is wasted money. The cost of defibrillators would be in the same order of magnitude.”

An external defibrillator is not difficult to use, even for an untrained person, added Dr. Jeffrey Goldberger, medical director of the Center for Atrial Fibrillation at the Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute of Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago. “All they require is someone to turn it on,” he said. “The device tells you what to do.”

When defibrillator leads are placed on the chest, the device can determine whether the heart has stopped beating. “Then it tells you what you should do,” Goldberger said.

If cardiac arrest has occurred, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should also be attempted, he said. “The defibrillator is not meant to replace CPR,” he said. It is an adjunct to it.”

SOURCES: Myron L. Weisfeldt, M.D., chairman, department of medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Jeffrey Goldberger, M.D., medical director, Center for Atrial Fibrillation, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, and professor of medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago;

They analyzed dietary questionnaires completed by more than 23,000 men and almost 36,000 women who were part of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. During a median 14 years of follow-up, 986 of the people died from stroke, 424 from heart disease, and 2,087 from all diseases related to the cardiovascular system.

The study found that women who ate more foods with the B-vitamins folate and B-6 were less likely to die from stroke and heart disease, while men who ate a diet high in these B-vitamins were less likely to die of heart failure.

Vitamin B-12 intake was not associated with reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease.

The researchers believe that folate and vitamin B-6 may help protect against cardiovascular disease by lowering levels of homocysteine, an amino acid in the blood that’s affected by diet and heredity. Previous research suggests that too much homocysteine may damage the inner lining of arteries and promote the formation of blood clots.

Fish, liver, meats, whole grains and fortified cereals are sources of vitamin B-6, while vegetables and fruits, whole or enriched grains, fortified cereals, beans and legumes are sources of folate.

The study appears online in the journal Stroke.

Researchers had heterosexual couples sit near each other at separate computers. The woman was told to look for pictures of landscapes amid rapidly flashing images, while trying to ignore the occasional gruesome or upsetting image.

At the same time, her male partner was told to rate the attractiveness of landscapes that appeared on his computer screen. Partway through the experiment, a researcher announced that the man would now rate the attractiveness of single women.

The more jealous women felt about this, the more they were so distracted by unpleasant images that they weren’t able to see their target pictures of attractive landscapes, said University of Delaware psychology professors Steven Most and Jean-Philippe Laurenceau.

The study authors said it’s long been known that mental and physical health can be affected by emotions associated with social relationships, but these findings demonstrate that social emotions can literally affect what people see.

The study appears in the April issue of the journal Emotion.

Further experiments are needed to determine whether men can be blinded by jealousy, the researchers said.

African-Americans were 17 percent less likely to report having arthritis than whites, and Hispanics were 46 percent less likely to report the condition than whites, the study said. However, African-Americans and Hispanics with arthritis were almost twice as likely to report severe joint pain and work limitations attributed to their arthritis when compared to whites, it said.

The study, “Difference in the Prevalence and Impact of Arthritis among Racial/Ethnic Groups,” was published in the journal Preventing Chronic Disease.

Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in the United States, affecting 1 in 5 adults. It interferes with work and other daily activities and can complicate the management of other chronic diseases. Arthritis encompasses more than 100 diseases and conditions that affect joints and other connective tissue.

The reason for the racial and ethnic differences, while unknown, may result from a lack of access to health care, language barriers and cultural differences, the report says.

“We must address these stark differences in arthritis impact by using what we know,’’ said Jennifer Hootman, an epidemiologist for the CDC National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and co-author of the report. “We can educate those with arthritis about increasing physical activity and self-management and reducing obesity, especially those in groups bearing a disproportionate burden from arthritis.”

The data, collected from the CDC National Health Interview Survey, are the first to estimate the national prevalence of arthritis and assess its impact among smaller racial and ethnic groups that are usually grouped together when reporting health statistics

For more information about arthritis prevalence and impact, visit CDC’s Web site at http://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/.

A new study shows that patients, on average, had half the symptoms of anxiety three months after getting a series of 10 hour-long massages. But researchers were surprised to find that massages didn’t reduce anxiety anymore than lying down and listening to enjoyable music.

“We were surprised to find that the benefits of massage were no greater than those of the same number of sessions of … listening to relaxing music,” Karen J. Sherman, a senior investigator at Group Health Research Institute, said in a news release from the institute. “This suggests that the benefits of massage may be due to a generalized relaxation response.”

The study is the first to examine the effectiveness of massage as a treatment for patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

The researchers randomly assigned 68 patients with anxiety to one of three treatments. Some received 10 one-hour massages as music played, while others breathed deeply while lying down and listening to music. Patients in a third group had their arms and legs wrapped with heating pads and warm towels as they listened to music.

The groups didn’t show any difference in their level of relief after three months.

“Treatment in a relaxing room is much less expensive than the other treatments [massage or thermotherapy], so it might be the most cost-effective option for people with generalized anxiety disorder who want to try a relaxation-oriented complementary medicine therapy,” Sherman said.

The findings were published recently in the journal Depression and Anxiety.

British researchers found that pregnant women had more trouble remembering the positions of objects as the birth of their child neared.

The women even had trouble with what’s called spatial recognition memory — the ability to know where things are in the world — for at least three months after birth.

“Forgetfulness and slips of attention are phenomena commonly reported by pregnant women, but scientists have yet to identify a specific mechanism by which this memory impairment might occur. Indeed, some question whether the reported memory loss exists at all,” researcher Diane Farrar said in a news release from the Society for Endocrinology.

Farrar and her colleagues at Bradford Institute for Health Research in the United Kingdom studied 23 pregnant women and 24 women who weren’t pregnant. The women took computer tests to see how well they could learn rules and plan moving things within a space, and whether they remembered previously seen patterns and locations.

The researchers found that pregnant women did significantly worse on the tests, and also had higher levels of anxiety and depression.

What’s going on? “Mood and level of anxiety improved following pregnancy, suggesting hormonal influences may be responsible. More research is now needed to identify the neurological effects of pregnancy to help guide future research and provide information for women and those involved in maternity care,” Farrar said.

The findings were presented this week at the Society for Endocrinology conference in Manchester, England.

In a commentary, published online in BMJ, Patrick Woo and his colleagues stressed that “to prevent infections transmitted by acupuncture, infection control measures should be implemented, such as use of disposable needles, skin disinfection procedures, and aseptic techniques. Stricter regulation and accreditation requirements are also needed.”

Five percent to 10 percent of acupuncture patients who develop certain kinds of bacterial infections go on to experience serious complications, the authors pointed out. These can include joint deterioration, flesh-eating disease and even paralysis and organ failure.

Other problems related to acupuncture infection include hepatitis B transmission and perhaps even transmission of hepatitis C and HIV, Woo said in a news release. There’s also a new syndrome, called acupuncture mycobacteriosis, which can occur when contaminated items such as cotton swabs or towels come into contact with the needle-insertion point. This infection can lead to abscesses and ulcers.

The experts urge more funding to promote proper infection-control guidelines for acupuncture, which is one of the most widely practiced forms of alternative medicine.

Kaiser Family Foundation researchers checked the Medicare Web site for prices of commonly used brand-name drugs without a generic substitute for enrollees in stand-alone prescription drug plans. The prices are how much enrollees would pay for a 30-day supply of a drug after they reach the coverage gap (which begins after total drug spending reaches $3,610) and before they qualify for catastrophic coverage.

Among the findings:
The price of the osteoporosis drug Actonel increased 8 percent between 2009 and 2010, from $91 to $98 per month. Since 2006, the price of the drug has increased 39 percent.
The price of the Alzheimer’s drug Aricept increased 7 percent between 2009 and 2010, from $184 to $198 per month. Since 2006, the price has increased 41 percent.
The price of the anti-clotting drug Plavix increased 7 percent between 2009 and 2010, from $142 to $152 per month. Since 2006, the price has risen 25 percent.

People enrolled in Part D plans who reach the coverage gap have significant out-of-pocket expenses before they qualify for catastrophic coverage, the researchers said in a Kaiser news release. For example, an elderly women taking Actonel, Aricept and Plavix would spend $448 per month in 2010 after she reached the coverage gap, which would take about six months. She would remain in the coverage gap for the rest of the year.

Researchers at Stanford University in California found that of 180 women who underwent IVF at their fertility clinic, women of Asian descent were less likely to have a successful pregnancy: 31 percent gave birth, compared with 48 percent of white women.

The findings, reported in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology, add to evidence of racial disparities in IVF outcomes. Past studies have found that Asian- and African-American women have lower success rates than their white counterparts.

The reasons for those racial gaps remain unclear, however.

This latest study does not answer the question of why Asian Americans are less likely to give birth after IVF. But it does offer evidence against some of the proposed explanations, say the researchers, led by Dr. Elizabeth S. Langen.

The researchers found no evidence, for example, of racial differences in the quality of the embryos produced by IVF. Asian-American women were also similar to white women in their response to the medications used to stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs; in both groups of women, doctors were able to retrieve an average of 15 to 16 eggs.

The findings suggest that “factors other than embryo development influence IVF outcome in Asian women,” Langen and her colleagues write.

The study included 180 women who underwent an IVF cycle using their own eggs in 2005 or 2006. Sixty-two percent were white, and 38 percent Asian.

Overall, Langen’s team found, there were no clear racial differences in the initial part of treatment. The women had similar responses to ovarian stimulation, their rates of successful fertilization were comparable, and the number of embryos implanted in the uterus were similar — two, on average, in both groups of women.

But Asian women were less likely to become pregnant — 43 percent did, versus 59 percent of white women — or to ultimately have a baby.

Weight is a factor in IVF success, with both obesity and excessively low weight linked to lower success rates. In general, Asian-Americans were thinner than white women, Langen and her colleagues note, but women in both groups were typically within normal weight range. Only three Asian women were underweight.

Another theory on why Asian women have lower IVF success rates is that they may, as some research suggests, have a higher rate of endometriosis — a disorder where the tissue lining the uterus also grows outside the uterus, often affecting the functioning of the uterus and ovaries.

Langen and her colleagues did not assess the women for endometriosis, but they also found no racial differences in the rates of past endometriosis diagnoses.

The researchers point out that they had no information on lifestyle factors like diet or supplement use. Future studies, they conclude, should look at whether racial differences in those factors play any role in IVF outcomes.

SOURCE: Obstetrics & Gynecology